ny development thinkers and practitioners have been pondering over community participation for the last two to three decades - some even called the 1980s the decade of participation. To a large extent the current decade of social movements, non government organizations (NGOs) and community based organiz- ations (CBOs), is a manifestation of organized community participation. By ana- lyzing the dynamics of community participation, particularly in the South African urban upgrading context, nine obstacles and impediments ('plagues') are exposed which serve to illustrate participatory development as a complex and difficult, though essential and challenging endeavour. Twelve draft guidelines ('command- ments') are also presented in trying to address these obstacles associated with participatory development.
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